Overview of the First Battle of Panipat

Overview of the First Battle of Panipat Trumpeting, their eyes wide with panic, the elephants turned back and charged into their own troops, crushing scores of men underfoot. Their opponents had brought a terrifying new technology to bear, something the elephants likely had never heard before Background to the First Battle of Panipat Indias invader, Babur, was the scion of the great Central Asian conqueror-families; his father was a descendant of Timur, while his mothers family traced its roots back to Genghis Khan. His father died in 1494, and the 11-year-old Babur became the ruler of Farghana (Fergana), in what is now the border area between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. However, his uncles and cousins fought Babur for the throne, forcing him to abdicate twice. Unable to hold on to Farghana or take Samarkand, the young prince gave up on the family seat, turning south to capture Kabul instead in 1504. Babur was not satisfied for long with ruling over Kabul and the surrounding districts alone, however. Throughout the early sixteenth century, he made several incursions northward into his ancestral lands but never was able to hold them for long. Discouraged, by 1521, he had set his sights on lands further to the south instead: Hindustan (India), which was under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and Sultan Ibrahim Lodi. The Lodi dynasty was actually the fifth and final of the Delhi Sultanates ruling families during the late medieval period. The Lodi family were ethnic Pashtuns who took control over a large section of northern India in 1451, reunifying the area after Timurs devastating invasion in 1398. Ibrahim Lodi was a weak and tyrannical ruler, disliked by the nobility and commoners alike. In fact, the noble families of the Delhi Sultanate despised him to such a degree that they actually invited Babur to invade! The Lodi ruler would have trouble preventing his troops from defecting to Baburs side during the fighting, as well. Battle Forces and Tactics Baburs Mughal forces consisted of between 13,000 and 15,000 men, mostly horse cavalry. His secret weapon was 20 to 24 pieces of field artillery, a relatively recent innovation in warfare. Arrayed against the Mughals were Ibrahim Lodis 30,000 to 40,000 soldiers, plus tens of thousands of camp followers. Lodis primary weapon of shock and awe was his troop of war elephants, numbering anywhere from 100 to 1,000 trained and battle-hardened pachyderms, according to different sources. Ibrahim Lodi was no tactician; his army simply marched out in a disorganized block, relying on sheer numbers and the aforementioned elephants to overwhelm the enemy. Babur, however, employed two tactics unfamiliar to Lodi, which turned the tide of the battle. The first was tulughma, dividing a smaller force into forward left, rear left, forward right, rear right, and center divisions. The highly mobile right and left divisions peeled out and surrounded the larger enemy force, driving them towards the center. At the center, Babur arrayed his cannons. The second tactical innovation was Baburs use of carts, called araba. His artillery forces were shielded behind a row of carts which were tied together with leather ropes, to prevent the enemy from getting between them and attacking the artillerymen. This tactic was borrowed from the Ottoman Turks. The Battle of Panipat After conquering the Punjab region (which today is divided between northern India and Pakistan), Babur drove on toward Delhi. Early on the morning of April 21, 1526, his army met the Delhi sultans at Panipat, now in Haryana State, about 90 kilometers north of Delhi. Using his tulughma formation, Babur trapped the Lodi army in a pincer motion. He then used his cannons to great effect; the Delhi war elephants had never heard such a loud and terrible noise, and the spooked animals turned around and ran through their own lines, crushing Lodis soldiers as they ran. Despite these advantages, the battle was a close contest given the Delhi Sultanates overwhelming numerical superiority. As the bloody encounter dragged on toward midday, however, more and more of Lodis soldiers defected to Baburs side. Finally, the tyrannical sultan of Delhi was abandoned by his surviving officers  and left to die on the battlefield from his wounds. The Mughal upstart from Kabul had prevailed. The Aftermath of the Battle According to the Baburnama, Emperor Baburs autobiography, the Mughals killed 15,000 to 16,000 of the Delhi soldiers. Other local accounts put the total losses at closer to 40,000 or 50,000. Of Baburs own troops, some 4,000 were killed in the battle. There is no record of the elephants fate. The First Battle of Panipat is a crucial turning point in the history of India. Although it would take time for Babur and his successors to consolidate control over the country, the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate was a major step towards the establishment of the Mughal Empire, which would rule India until it was defeated in turn by the British Raj in 1868. The Mughal path to the empire was not smooth. Indeed, Baburs son Humayan lost the entire kingdom during his reign  but was able to regain some territory before his death. The empire was truly solidified by Baburs grandson, Akbar the Great; later successors included the ruthless Aurangzeb and Shah Jahan, the creator of the Taj Mahal. Sources Babur, Emperor of Hindustan, trans. Wheeler M. Thackston. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince, and Emperor, New York: Random House, 2002.Davis, Paul K. 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Roy, Kaushik. Indias Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil, Hyderabad: Orient Black Swan Publishing, 2004.

Learn Chemistry - Help, Tutorials, Problems Quizzes

Learn Chemistry - Help, Tutorials, Problems Quizzes Learn chemistry! Get chemistry help, tutorials, example problems, self-quizzes, and chemistry tools so you can learn the concepts of general chemistry. Introduction to ChemistryLearn about what chemistry is and how the science of chemistry is studied.What Is Chemistry?What Is the Scientific Method? Math BasicsMath is used in all the sciences, including chemistry. To learn chemistry, you need to understand algebra, geometry, and some trig, as well as be able to work in scientific notation and perform unit conversions.Accuracy Precision ReviewSignificant FiguresScientific NotationPhysical ConstantsMetric Base UnitsTable of Derived Metric UnitsMetric Unit PrefixesUnit CancellingTemperature ConversionsExperimental Error Calculations Atoms and MoleculesAtoms are the basic building blocks of matter. Atoms join together to form compounds and molecules. Learn about the parts of the atom and how atoms form bonds with other atoms.Basic Model of the AtomBohr ModelAtomic Mass Atomic Mass NumberTypes of Chemical BondsIonic vs Covalent BondsRules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersLewis Structures and Electron Dot ModelsIntroduction to Molecular GeometryWhat Is a Mole?More About Molecules MolesLaw of Multiple Proportions StoichiometryStoichiometry describes the proportions between atoms in molecules and reactants/products in chemical reactions. Learn about how matter reacts in predictable ways so that you can balance chemical equations.Types of Chemical ReactionsHow to Balance EquationsHow to Balance Redox ReactionsGram to Mole ConversionsLimiting Reactant Theoretical YieldMole Relations in Balanced EquationsMass Relations in Balanced Equations States of MatterThe states of matter are defined by the structure of matter as well as whether it has a fixed shape and volume. Learn about the different states and how matter transforms itself from one state to another.States of MatterPhase Diagrams Chemical ReactionsOnce you have learned about atoms and molecules, youre ready to examine the type of chemical reactions that can occur.Reactions in WaterTypes of Inorganic Chemical Reactions Periodic TrendsThe properties of the elements exhibit trends based on the structure of their electrons. The trends or periodicity can be used to make predictions about the nature of the elements.Periodic Properties TrendsElement Groups SolutionsIts important to understand how mixtures behave.Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids, DispersionsCalculating Concentration GasesGases exhibit special properties based on having no fixed size or shape.Introduction to Ideal GasesIdeal Gas LawBoyles LawCharles LawDaltons Law of Partial Pressures Acids BasesAcids and bases are concerned with the actions of hydrogen ions or protons in aqueous solutions.Acid Base DefinitionsCommon Acids BasesStrength of Acids BasesCalculating pHBuffersSalt FormationHenderson-Hasselbalch EquationTitration BasicsTitration Curves Thermochemistry Physical ChemistryLearn about the relationships between matter and energy.Laws of ThermochemistryStandard State ConditionsCalorimetry, Heat Flow and EnthalphyBond Energy Enthalpy ChangeEndothermic Exothermic ReactionsWhat Is Absolute Zero? KineticsMatter is always in motion! Learn about the motion of atoms and molecules, or kinetics.Factors that Affect Reaction RateCatalystsChemical Reaction Order Atomic Electronic StructureMuch of the chemistry that you learn is associated with electronic structure, since electrons can move around much more easily than protons or neutrons.Valences of the ElementsAufbau Principle Electronic StructureElectron Configuration of the ElementsAufbau Principle Electronic StructureNernst EquationQuantum Numbers Electron OrbitalsHow Magnets Work Nuclear ChemistryNuclear chemistry is concerned with the behavior of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.Radiation RadioactivityIsotopes Nuclear SymbolsRate of Radioactive DecayAtomic Mass Atomic AbundanceCarbon-14 Dating Chemistry Practice Problems Index of Worked Chemistry Problems Printable Chemistry Worksheets Chemistry Quizzes How to Take a Test Atom Basics Quiz Atomic Structure Quiz Acids Bases Quiz Chemical Bonds Quiz Changes in State Quiz Compound Naming Quiz Element Number Quiz Element Picture Quiz Units of Measurement Quiz General Chemistry Tools Periodic Table Chemistry Glossary Chemical Structures - Find the structures for molecules, compounds, and functional groups.

Safety Legislation Writing Project #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Safety Legislation Writing Project #2 - Essay Example This will involve educating the employees on the hazardous chemicals and how to avoid their impacts while they are undertaking their duties. As depicted by 29 CFR 1910.1200, my focus will be to ensure that all the employees are aware on how to undertake a first aid process before a medical attention is sought. The second step is to initiate an emergency action plan. Thirdly, is to establish a fire safety plan. In this way, fire related incidents will be dealt with in an appropriate way. My fourth step would be to come up with an exit route. In this way, my organisation will be compliant with OSHA requirements of establishing an exit route in every building (United States Department of labor 14). Fifthly, I would establish a walking surface. Such surfaces will be vital in reducing the number of accidents that may be as a result of falls and slips. My sixth step would be to establish a first aid kit. In this way, employees who may be injured in the cause of their duties will have an op portunity to be treated before going for further medical check up. Safety profession involves offering appropriate protection to all the employees against any kind of harm while undertaking their daily duties. By use of various aspects from different fields such as health, education, psychology and engineering among others, safety professionals are paramount in preventing occurrences of accidents in an organisation. One of the major fields that are imperative in ensuring that matters relating to safety profession are well addressed is the safety science. Safety science involves all activities that are undertaken to prevent accidents, illnesses, explosions and fire among other events that may harm employees and the environment. In the same way, safety science gives the safety professionals skills to evaluate and identify hazards in the work places. Additionally, safety science provides effective methods that managers should use in setting policies that relate to safety. In

Human rights essay. none should be subjected to torture or to cruel, Essay

Human rights . none should be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment - Essay Example The introduction contains an illustration of the history and evolution of torture in society and its contribution to the modelling of modern laws and possible future legislations. It also offers a brief look into the various forms of torture and the rationale and justification according to the times during which they happened and a convincing argument of their illogic and unjustly nature despite the immaturity of human laws at those times. The Introduction will also contain modern laws that are akin to torture and reasons why such laws should be reviewed. A brief summary of case scenarios in history of human punishment and the violation of human dignity through degradation, by action, writing or word of mouth will be highlighted. The conclusion will be a summation of the relevance and justification of the rights of all citizens against torture , inhumane ,derogatory treatment and punishment .It espouses a final view of the paper and its end remark as pertains to the essay`s ethical ,social and political spheres. Human torture is defined as the intentional cause of pain either physically, mentally or psychologically, causing injury to an individual who is in most circumstances under the control of the person causing the damage against his or her will (Donnelly 2008, p. 4). The act is aimed at obtaining certain information concerning another person or about the individual being tortured, as a form of repayment for either a past deed or for an action not done, as a form of threat or fright to force an individual to either do or not to do something. An act is usually considered torturous if such when done with the knowledge of or simple consent of an official in a state or non-state organized movement. Torture occurs in various forms .The length of time over which the torture lasts depends on a varied number of factors such as the type, the ability of the individual being tortured to resist the process, the frequent

A Problem Exists Essay Example for Free

A Problem Exists Essay My Assignment 4 Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exists, will inform of the author’s thesis on this paper. Additionally, the history of gun laws will also be incorporated in this paper. Moreover, this report will speak on several issues and or problems that author looks upon as unfavorable achievements, promoted by gun laws. Lastly, a conclusion for possible improvements if concealed weapons laws were not permitted will be included in this report. As we view the news and read newspaper articles, there continues to be ongoing stories and articles of school and workplace shootings and hostile environments. It appears that individuals of society are even lashing out at the innocent, when things are not done as they may see fit. For example Sandy Hook shooting took the lives of many innocent children, who victims of a troubled individual. Due to the excessive murders that are being committed in schools and workplaces, at this time, the author still agrees that citizens should not be allowed to carry concealed weapons to schools, or the workplace. Georgia actually created the first gun control law in 1837. This Georgia law banned handguns. However it was not long lived, because eight years later The Georgia Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional and cited the Second Amendment as its basis for this determination. The Second Amendment states â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms (U. S. Const. amend. II, 1791). After the Civil War, Black Codes in several Southern States sought to prevent blacks from owning and carrying guns. That essentially ended in 1868, with the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship guarantee and equal rights clause† (Goforth, 2013). Since then numerous laws have been debated and created. The first problem with the right to carry conceals weapon within the school is the potential environmental concern for continuous mass murders. For informational purposes, â€Å"We will begin with the definition of mass murder as four or more murders at a single location (a school, workplace, home or public place)† (Hillshafer, 2013). There have been three significant mass school murders in the past 14 years. They are the 1999 Columbine High School Massacre, the 2007 Virginia Tech Shootings and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. In the author’s opinion had the administration been allowed to carry concealed weapons the total of murders would have been escalated. Hostile environments more than likely create hostile situations and altercations. â€Å"The likely explanation that Concealed Carry plus Stand Your Ground laws result in 600 more deaths per year is that a young man with a concealed weapon in an argument is more likely to escalate the dispute and think he is standing his ground† (Hillshafer, 2013). As the year 2013 begun there continues to be great debate and political issues on what the gun laws should be or what the laws should cover. In January, 2013 it was written â€Å"The great American gun fight began this month with handshakes and smiles in a reunion of old foes at the Vice President’s ceremonial office† (Schered, 2013). This statement helps to enlighten us on the ongoing political rivalry that continues amongst our candidates. Our American leaders should put focus on what will really save lives on the American people instead of what will make them more famous, prominent or a great candidate amongst the people. As we all maybe aware our country entered a recessional period in the year of 2008. At this time there were numerous lay-offs, â€Å"Nationwide economic recession, which has led to cities and governmental organizational laying-off police and law enforcement personnel† (Nykodym et al. , 2011). This was a period where economic issues were examined thoroughly and everyone was in search of a means to increase revenue. Those layoffs led to increased crime rates in cities, which the author believes were then used for economic gain. â€Å"Record high rates of concealed firearm carry permits issued to the public, motivated by a well-organized social movement for Second Amendment Constructionism, accompanied by increases in firearms and ammunition sales such that many dealers cannot meet customer demand† (Nykodym et al. , 2011). This is unthinkable, but true the unfortunate layoffs boosted our economy on a different level. The author beliefs are that it wrong to take someone else’s misfortune for personal gains. In this situation, it could also cause the death of many innocent victims, because of the high rate of gun sales. In conclusion many aspects were discussed. Such as hostile environments, and the possibility of escalating violence with concealed weapons being present. Additionally, political gains were discussed on how candidates use gun laws as a chance for recognition. And the third point was the unfortunate economic use of gun laws. Perhaps if concealed weapons are not allowed, escalated incidents would not arrive, because defendants/victims would not have that extra boost which causes an occurrence to end with gun fire. If candidates concentrate on the prestige of human lives and not political gain our society could be populated with more individuals who were killed due to unfavorable gun laws. And finally, maybe society should concentrate more on what would be ethically or morally suitable, such as the welfare of all humans. We as humans should stop looking for personal gain in every event that happens along the way.

The Chosen Health Care Essay -- Health, Breast Cancer

The chosen health care need that this assignment will focus on is Breast Cancer as each year more than a quarter of a million people are diagnosed with Cancer in the United Kingdom, Macmillan (2007). Breast Cancer was chosen as the health care need as people’s awareness of Breast cancer need to be raised. Also through out this assignment the sociological and psychological aspect of breast cancer will be looked at and also the global national and local initiatives will be looked at as well for anyone receiving or caring for someone with breast cancer. Breast cancer develops when a single cell begins to multiply rapidly and forms a tumour; some cells make break away and travel to other parts of the body starting a new tumour cancer research (2004). Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women, Rosto (2009). Even though breast cancer in women is common, there are also 341 men in the United Kingdom diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008, cancer research (2011). In the West Midlands there were 4,222 case of breast cancer in 2009. The number of cancer cases and crude incidence rates continue to increase annually as the population of the West Midlands ages, west midlands intelligence unit (2011). Breast cancer affects mainly 50-64 year olds in the west midlands. However breast cancer still remains the most common form of cancer in females in the West Midlands, it has a strong negative association with deprivation usually found in the more affluent sections of the population, west midlands intelligence unit (2010). In 2009 the five year survival rates were over 80% for breast cancer patients WMIU (2010). The number of deaths to cancer in the west midlands has remained steady over the decade with 13,430 deaths in 20... ...f the absolute benefits and harms of mammography screening for breast cancer remains a subject of discussion. The estimates from individual randomized trials and service screening programmes suggest that between 300 and 500 women need to be screened every 2–3 years for 10 years to prevent one death from breast cancer.1,2 Harms of screening include the anxiety and inconvenience associated with screening and with suspicious screening findings, which do not result in a diagnosis of cancer, and over diagnosis, the last of which has attracted considerable interest recently.3–6 Over diagnosis is defined as the diagnosis of a cancer as a result of screening that would not have been diagnosed in the woman’s lifetime had screening not taken place. Estimates of over diagnosis range from less than 10% of tumours diagnosed in a screening programme to around 50%. Duffy (2010)

Related Literature of Brand Preferences on Mobile Phones

How to resolve Conflict Conflicts may be solved using three simplified ways: 1. The win-lose method – The protagonist assumes an ether I lose or I win attitude. Explanation: the win-lose method is a kind of method in resolving a problem or case wherein, one party will have the possibility of winning the case or they will lose on the case. 2. The win some–lose some method – One party attempts to get the most of the other using the primary tactical work of bargaining. It is also called as â€Å"compromising stance†. Explanation: the win some-lose some method is a kind of method wherein one party is aggravate because he/she is compromise in a certain problem or case. For example I am a driver. And accidentally my car was bumped in a sari-sari store. The store-owner suggested that I will only pay the damages so that I will not be on jail. Because I am in a compromised position, I should pay the damages so that I will not be jailed.In my part I â€Å"win someà ¢â‚¬  because I will be not jailed anymore but â€Å"lose some† because, I’ve lose some money in paying the damages. 3. The win-win method – A process where both parties attempt to get the sources/causes of disagreement together in the hope of getting a solution that would together benefit them not only as individuals but also as organization. Explanation: the win-win method is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they’ve won, in some way, after the event.